@article{pmid32128023,

title = {IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper},

author = {Ignacio J Ansotegui and Giovanni Melioli and Giorgio Walter Canonica and Luis Caraballo and Elisa Villa and Motohiro Ebisawa and Giovanni Passalacqua and Eleonora Savi and Didier Ebo and R Maximiliano Gómez and Olga Luengo Sánchez and John J Oppenheimer and Erika Jensen-Jarolim and David A Fischer and Tari Haahtela and Martti Antila and Jean J Bousquet and Victoria Cardona and Wen Chin Chiang and Pascal M Demoly and Lawrence M DuBuske and Marta Ferrer Puga and Roy Gerth van Wijk and Sandra Nora González Díaz and Alexei Gonzalez-Estrada and Edgardo Jares and Ayse Füsun Kalpaklioğlu and Luciana Kase Tanno and Marek L Kowalski and Dennis K Ledford and Olga Patricia Monge Ortega and Mário Morais Almeida and Oliver Pfaar and Lars K Poulsen and Ruby Pawankar and Harald E Renz and Antonino G Romano and Nelson A Rosário Filho and Lanny Rosenwasser and Mario A Sánchez Borges and Enrico Scala and Gian-Enrico Senna and Juan Carlos Sisul and Mimi L K Tang and Bernard Yu-Hor Thong and Rudolf Valenta and Robert A Wood and Torsten Zuberbier},

doi = {10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100080},

issn = {1939-4551},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-02-01},

urldate = {2020-02-01},

journal = {World Allergy Organ J},

volume = {13},

number = {2},

pages = {100080},

abstract = {Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both  and . It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular  tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid26260508b,

title = {Canine atopic dermatitis: detailed guidelines for diagnosis and allergen identification},

author = {Patrick Hensel and Domenico Santoro and Claude Favrot and Peter Hill and Craig Griffin},

doi = {10.1186/s12917-015-0515-5},

issn = {1746-6148},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-08-01},

journal = {BMC Vet Res},

volume = {11},

pages = {196},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, genetically predisposed, inflammatory and pruritic skin disease. The variation in clinical presentations, due to genetic factors, extent of the lesions, stage of the disease, secondary infections, as well as resemblance to other non-atopic related skin diseases, can complicate a diagnosis of canine AD. A sub-group of the International Committee for Allergic Diseases in Animals (ICADA) was tasked with the development of a set of practical guidelines that can be used to assist practitioners and researchers in the diagnosis of canine AD. Online citation databases and abstracts from international meetings were searched for publications related to the topic, and combined with expert opinion where necessary. The final set of guidelines was approved by the entire ICADA committee.



RESULTS: A total of 81 publications relevant for this review were identified. The guidelines generated focus on three aspects of the diagnostic approach: 1. Ruling out of other skin conditions with clinical signs resembling, or overlapping with canine AD. 2. Detailed interpretation of the historical and clinical features of patients affected by canine AD. 3. Allergy testing by intradermal versus allergen-specific IgE serum testing.



CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of canine AD is based on meeting clinical criteria and ruling out other possible causes with similar clinical signs. Flea combing, skin scraping and cytology should be performed, where necessary, as part of a thorough work-up. Elimination diet trials are required for patients with perennial pruritus and/or concurrent gastrointestinal signs. Once a clinical diagnosis of canine AD is made, allergy testing can be performed to identify potential causative allergens for allergen-specific immunotherapy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23402664,

title = {Evidence-based guidelines for anti-allergic drug withdrawal times before allergen-specific intradermal and IgE serological tests in dogs},

author = {Thierry Olivry and Manolis Saridomichelakis and },

doi = {10.1111/vde.12016},

issn = {1365-3164},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-04-01},

journal = {Vet Dermatol},

volume = {24},

number = {2},

pages = {225--e49},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anti-allergic drugs (e.g. antihistamines, glucocorticoids and ciclosporin) are often administered to dogs with atopic dermatitis to relieve pruritus and skin lesions. Allergen-specific intradermal tests (IDT) and allergen-specific IgE serological (ASIS) tests are used to characterize the allergens to which dogs are hypersensitive. Anti-allergic drugs have the potential to influence the results or interpretation of these tests.



OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence-based recommendations for anti-allergic drug withdrawal times before IDT and ASIS tests.



METHODS: Three citation databases and abstracts from international meetings were searched for relevant studies. Studies were grouped based on similar interventions and types of tests. Withdrawal times for each type of drug and test were then extrapolated from the study results.



RESULTS: Before the assessment of immediate reactions to IDT, proposed optimal withdrawal times for antihistamines, oral glucocorticoids, topical/otic glucocorticoids and ciclosporin are 7, 14, 14 and 0 days, respectively. Studies have provided no evidence for drug withdrawal prior to ASIS tests for oral ciclosporin or prednisone/prednisolone. Owing to a lack of studies, recommendations for withdrawal times before ASIS tests cannot be made for topical glucocorticoids and antihistamines.



CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: These proposed withdrawal times are based on the existing evidence at the end of 2011. Care must be taken before extrapolating the suggested withdrawal times to other species, higher dosages, different formulations and/or durations of administration of tested drugs, as well as to other medications from the same category.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22035879,

title = {Histamine and H1-antihistamines: celebrating a century of progress},

author = {F Estelle R Simons and Keith J Simons},

doi = {10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005},

issn = {1097-6825},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-12-01},

journal = {J Allergy Clin Immunol},

volume = {128},

number = {6},

pages = {1139--1150.e4},

abstract = {In this review we celebrate a century of progress since the initial description of the physiologic and pathologic roles of histamine and 70 years of progress since the introduction of H(1)-antihistamines for clinical use. We discuss histamine and clinically relevant information about the molecular mechanisms of action of H(1)-antihistamines as inverse agonists (not antagonists or blockers) with immunoregulatory effects. Unlike first (old)-generation H(1)-antihistamines introduced from 1942 to the mid-1980s, most of the second (new)-generation H(1)-antihistamines introduced subsequently have been investigated extensively with regard to clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety; moreover, they are relatively free from adverse effects and not causally linked with fatalities after overdose. Important advances include improved nasal and ophthalmic H(1)-antihistamines with rapid onset of action (in minutes) for allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis treatment, respectively, and effective and safe use of high (up to 4-fold) doses of oral second-generation H(1)-antihistamines for chronic urticaria treatment. New H(1)-antihistamines introduced for clinical use include oral formulations (bilastine and rupatadine), and ophthalmic formulations (alcaftadine and bepotastine). Clinical studies of H(3)-antihistamines with enhanced decongestant effects have been conducted in patients with allergic rhinitis. Additional novel compounds being studied include H(4)-antihistamines with anti-inflammatory effects in allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and other diseases. Antihistamines have a storied past and a promising future.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20214766,

title = {Investigation on the effects of ciclosporin (Atopica) on intradermal test reactivity and allergen-specific immunoglobulin (IgE) serology in atopic dogs},

author = {Candice Goldman and Edmund Rosser and Annette Petersen and Joe Hauptman},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00862.x},

issn = {1365-3164},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-08-01},

journal = {Vet Dermatol},

volume = {21},

number = {4},

pages = {393--399},

abstract = {The ability to use ciclosporin (Atopica®: Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC, USA) prior to intradermal testing (IDT) would help avoid exacerbation of clinical disease that can be associated with drug withdrawal. This study evaluated the effects of 30 days of administration of ciclosporin at a dose of 5 mg/kg once daily on IDT reactivity (immediate phase reactions) in a group of dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) with initial positive IDT reactions. 16 dogs diagnosed with AD were included in the study. Eight dogs (group A) were treated with ciclosporin orally at 5 mg/kg once daily for 30 days. Eight dogs (group P) were treated with a placebo orally once daily for 30 days. IDT was performed at day 0 and day 30 on all dogs enrolled using a standardized panel of 45 aqueous allergens (Greer Laboratories, Lenoir, NC, USA) appropriate to our geographical region. IDT reactivity was assessed by both subjective and objective methods at 15 min post-intradermal injection. Serum for allergen-specific immunoglobulin (IgE) serology was obtained at day 0 and day 30. The study was designed as a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Data were analysed using a split-plot analysis of variance with the grouping factor of treatment and the repeat factor of time (SAS System for Windows). At week 4, ciclosporin did not have a statistically significant effect on IDT reactivity or serology results. It therefore appears that, no withdrawal is recommended to evaluate immediate phase reactions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid16364775,

title = {Pain management and anesthesia in veterinary dermatology},

author = {David D Martin and Alondra L Martin},

doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.09.010},

issn = {0195-5616},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract},

volume = {36},

number = {1},

pages = {1--14, v},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{clarke2003effects,

title = {The effects of corticosteroid treatment on anti-flea saliva IgE, as measured by intra-dermal skin test and ELISA, in laboratory beagles with experimentally induced flea allergy dermatitis},

author = {K Clarke and D Bevier and S Radecki and others},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Vet. Derm},

volume = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11553391,

title = {The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XVII): intradermal testing},

author = {A Hillier and D J DeBoer},

doi = {10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00313-0},

issn = {0165-2427},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-09-01},

journal = {Vet Immunol Immunopathol},

volume = {81},

number = {3-4},

pages = {289--304},

abstract = {Intradermal testing has been practiced for decades in human and veterinary medicine. The primary utility of intradermal testing is in the demonstration of IgE-mediated allergen hypersensitivity. The presence of a positive reaction on an intradermal test is not always indicative of allergy, as it may sometimes be an indication of sub-clinical hypersensitivity. Despite its widespread use by veterinary dermatologists, the usefulness of the intradermal test would be greatly enhanced by the use of standardized allergen extracts and homogeneous criteria for the interpretation of results. Irrespective of these shortcomings, intradermal testing is regarded as a valuable tool in the demonstration of allergen-specific hypersensitivity when performed according to accepted guidelines.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1992.tb00179.x,

title = {The Influence of Oral Corticosteroids or Declining Allergen Exposure on Serologic Allergy Test Results},

author = {WILLIAM H. MILLER Jr. and DANNY W. SCOTT and SUZANNE M. CAYATTE and JANET M. SCARLETT},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1992.tb00179.x},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1992.tb00179.x},

year  = {1992},

date = {1992-01-01},

journal = {Veterinary Dermatology},

volume = {3},

number = {6},

pages = {237-244},

abstract = {Abstract— Twenty-seven proven atopic dogs had a serologic allergy test performed on the day of skin testing and again after either a 21-day course of corticosteroid treatment or 60 days without therapy during which time exposure to botanical aeroallergens was reduced or absent. There was no statistical difference in preand post-corticosteriod treatment results. There were significantly more positive scores recorded in the 60-day follow-up samples in the untreated dogs. Résumé— Vingt-sept chiens ayant une atopie prouvée ont subi des tests sérologiques d'allergie avant et 21 jours après une corticothérapie ou 60 jours sans traitement et sans exposition pollinique. Il n'y avait pas de difference statistiquement significative avant et après le traitement corticoïde. Il y avait beaucoup plus de résultats positifs à 60 jours chez les animaux ne subissant aucun traitement. Zusammenfassung— Bei 27 Hunden mit nachgewiesener Atopie wurde ein serologischer Allergietest am selben Tab wie der Hauttest und erneut entweder nach 21-tägiger Kortikosteroidbehandlung oder nach 60 Tagen ohne Therapie durchgeführt. Bei der zweiten Gruppe wurde die Exposition gegenüber pflanzlichen Aeroallergenen reduziert oder fehlte. Es gab keinen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied bei den Ergebnissen vor und nach Korikosteroidtherapie. Es trat eine statistch signifikant höhere Zahl positiver Reaktionen in den Proben der nicht behandeltentiere nach 60 Tagen aug. Resumen Veinti-siete perros en los que se había diagnosticado previamente atopía, se hizo un test serológico de alergia simultáneamente con tests de inyecciones intradérmicas durante el mismo día, volviendose a repetir a los 21 días despues del tratamiento con corticosteroides, o después de 60 días sin ningun tipo de medicacion, durante en cual exposición a aero-alergenos botánicos fué minima o inexistente. No se observó diferencia de tipo estadístico en animales antes o despues del tratamiento con corticosteroides. En los animales que no recibieron medicación, después de 60 días se observó un aumento significativo de respuestas positivas.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}