{"id":44099,"date":"2024-12-05T16:16:12","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T15:16:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.zoolyx.be\/faq-items\/quelle-est-la-difference-entre-le-genotype-et-le-phenotype\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T16:16:12","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T15:16:12","slug":"quelle-est-la-difference-entre-le-genotype-et-le-phenotype","status":"publish","type":"avada_faq","link":"https:\/\/www2.zoolyx.be\/fr\/faq-items\/quelle-est-la-difference-entre-le-genotype-et-le-phenotype\/","title":{"rendered":"Quelle est la diff\u00e9rence entre le g\u00e9notype et le ph\u00e9notype?"},"content":{"rendered":"

La bioblioth\u00e8que g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de chaque individu est organis\u00e9 en deux s\u00e9ries de chromosomes<\/strong>: l’une provenant du p\u00e8re, l’autre de la m\u00e8re. Tous les chromosomes ont un homologue<\/strong> dans l’autre s\u00e9rie. Par homologue, on entend qu’il s’agit d’une copie fonctionnelle, c’est-\u00e0-dire qu’ils poss\u00e8dent les m\u00eames g\u00e8nes (\u00e0 l’exception du chromosome Y), mais pas d’une copie exacte. Au sein d’une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce, il existe souvent deux variantes ou plus d’un m\u00eame g\u00e8ne. Par exemple, la variante du g\u00e8ne sur le chromosome du p\u00e8re peut \u00eatre diff\u00e9rente de la variante du g\u00e8ne de la m\u00e8re. Une telle variante est \u00e9galement appel\u00e9e all\u00e8le<\/strong>. Chaque individu poss\u00e8de donc deux all\u00e8les pour chaque g\u00e8ne. Ceux-ci peuvent \u00eatre identiques, homozygotes<\/strong>, ou diff\u00e9rents, h\u00e9t\u00e9rozygotes<\/strong>. Le g\u00e9notype<\/strong> est une description (cod\u00e9e) des variantes pr\u00e9sentes dans les deux g\u00e8nes. Par exemple, A\/A ou a\/a ou A\/a. <\/p>\n

\"\"

Repr\u00e9sentation sch\u00e9matique de deux chromosomes homologues contenant un g\u00e8ne avec deux all\u00e8les possibles et donc trois g\u00e9notypes possibles : A\/A, a\/a (tous deux homozygotes) et A\/a (h\u00e9t\u00e9rozygote).<\/p><\/div>\n

Le ph\u00e9notype<\/strong>, quant \u00e0 lui, est une description (verbale) du trait tel qu’il est observ\u00e9 chez l’individu; par exemple, noir, brun, jaune… Plusieurs g\u00e9notypes peuvent conduire au m\u00eame ph\u00e9notype et vice versa. Le ph\u00e9notype peut souvent \u00eatre d\u00e9duit du g\u00e9notype; inversement, on a parfois besoin du ph\u00e9notype pour d\u00e9terminer le g\u00e9notype avec plus de pr\u00e9cision. C’est par exemple le cas lorsqu’un ph\u00e9notype est contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par plusieurs g\u00e8nes, mais que ceux-ci ne sont pas tous connus au niveau de l’ADN et ne peuvent donc pas \u00eatre test\u00e9s. <\/p>\n

Un exemple permet d’y voir plus clair<\/h3>\n

Les trois couleurs principales du pelage des labradors sont le jaune, le brun (chocolat) et le noir (il en existe d’autres, mais pour ne pas trop compliquer les choses, nous nous arr\u00eaterons l\u00e0). Le ph\u00e9notype de la couleur de la robe est contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par deux g\u00e8nes ou loci (singulier: locus) \u00e0 transmission dominante\/r\u00e9cessive classique : le locus B et le locus E. Ces deux loci ont chacun deux all\u00e8les possibles, respectivement B soit b, et E soit e. Le locus B d\u00e9termine si le pigment form\u00e9 est noir (B) ou brun (b), tandis que le locus E active (E) ou d\u00e9sactive (e) le locus B. Il en r\u00e9sulte 9 g\u00e9notypes possibles: <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"
\n<\/strong><\/td>\n		E\/B<\/strong><\/td>\nBB<\/td>\nBb<\/td>\nbb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
EE<\/td>\nBBEE<\/span><\/td>\nBbEE<\/span><\/td>\nbbEE<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ee<\/td>\nBBEe<\/span><\/td>\nBbEe<\/span><\/td>\nbbEe<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ee<\/td>\nBBee<\/span><\/td>\nBbee<\/span><\/td>\nbbee<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Le tableau permet de d\u00e9duire que tous les Labradors jaunes sont \u00ab fix\u00e9s \u00bb pour le locus E avec l’all\u00e8le e. Dans ce cas, vous pouvez donc d\u00e9duire le g\u00e9notype du locus E (ee) du ph\u00e9notype (jaune). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La bioblioth\u00e8que g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de chaque<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":29,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"faq_category":[525],"class_list":["post-44099","avada_faq","type-avada_faq","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","faq_category-genetique"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nQuelle est la diff\u00e9rence entre le g\u00e9notype et le ph\u00e9notype? 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